Biomoz

Ulcerative colitis is a form of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract (Large intestine/colon), is characterized by severe abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and diarrhea. Ulcerative colitis generally affects only the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Ulcerative colitis has similarities to Crohn’s colitis. In this disease the patches occurs anywhere in the digestive tract and often spreads into the layers of affected tissues.
Causes of Ulcerative colitis
Till date, no such known cause for ulcerative colitis has been depicted. Because of this reason ulcerative colitis is said to be an idiopathic disease, meaning that it develops without an apparent or known cause. Ulcerative colitis is caused by inflammation and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine and rectum. An individual gets diarrhea because of the inflammation in the colon. The inflamed colon cannot absorb the water. Sometimes ulcerative colitis affects the rectum and may lead to rectal bleeding.
The two factors which seems to be behind the cause of ulcerative colitis are
1. Weakened/compromised immune response
2. Heredity
Weakened/compromised immune response
The healthy intestine is having the micro flora which fights against foreign bacteria which tries to invade and cause disease. The person having weak immune system cannot fight against the antigens and hence causes damage to the colon. The colon get inflamed which gradually damages the cells and the immunological activity deteriorates day by day.
The antibody formation decreases, so they have low immunity because of which they more prone to any of the infections. Many experts suppose that disease flare-ups are caused when immune system cells release excess amounts of molecules called cytokines, which attack the intestinal cells and cause the inflammation.
Heredity is not yet proved to be the cause of ulcerative colitis. If the parents are having then the chances of ulcerative colitis may be there. If both mother and father are having, this does not mean that the child will have ulcerative colitis here also he may or may not suffer.
The actual cause of the disorder remains unknown.
Treatments for ulcerative colitis
• Many drugs are used to treat ulcerative colitis.
Aminosalicylates are anti –inflammatory drug used to treat ulcerative colitis. It is poorly-absorbed by the intestines, thus gives topical relief within the intestine.
Corticosteroids are often used in combination with NSAID’s. Corticosteroids blocks leukocyte adhesion cascade and hence reduces the inflammation.
• Immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppresive drugs inhibit the immune system generally. These include the cystostatic drugs that inhibit cell division, including the cloning of white blood cells that is a part of the immune response. Mercaptopurines, Azathioprine, Methotrexate are some of the immunosuppressive drugs.
• Surgery
Ulcerative colitis can generally be cured by surgical removal of the large intestine.
• Alternative treatments
Diet: Diet should be low in fibers. It should contain Eicosapentanoic acid which helps in inhibiting leukotriene activity.
Antioxidants: Antioxidants helps in neutralizing the free radicals. Vitamin A, C, E, Selenium, and Manganese are some of the antioxidants which help in repairing the cells.
Bacterial growth:
Probiotics and Prebiotics can be given to increase the micro flora of large intestine.
Some herbs like Kampo which is used in Japan may also help in treating Ulcerative colitis.

• Grandmother treatment: The warm water treatment is given. We have seen by taking warm water bath also the person feel relaxed similarly when pain is there warmth is required which can be given through warm water.

• Osteoarthritis: Osteo means bones and arthritis means inflammation of joint. It is also called as Degenerative joint disease.
Osteoarthritis is the main cause of the disability it mainly occurs in knee and hip joints.

In Greek, Arthron means joint and itis means inflammation so arthritis means the inflammation of joints.

What is Joint?
It is a junction where the two bones meet.

Biogeography means the study of geographical distribution of species. The story of Darwin’s theory of natural selection begins in 1831, when he joined as an unpaid naturalist on a five year navigational mapping expedition of the British Admiralry aboard the ship H. M. S. Beagle. During this voyage, Darwin observed and studied a wide variety of plants and animals on continents and islands of volcanic origin, the Galapagos islands, which lie on the equator about 900 kilometer off the West Coast of South America. There, he found giant tortoises, meter-long marine and land iguanas, many unusual plants, insects, lizards and sea shells. These is called evidence from bio geography.
The Galapagos islands consisted of twenty-two different islands that were only a few miles apart. Darwin noticed that the Galapagos islands have many endemic (native, found nowhere else) species of plants and animals. He was amazed to record that in the islands insect-eating warblers and woodpeckers were absent. Instead, various types of inches, a group of small black birds, which were originally seed-eating but have assumed insect-eating pattern, were present in the islands. These finches are often referred to as Darwin’s finches. He also observed that different geographical localities have similar habitats but house different species. The finches of different islands varied yet they were closely related to each other.
Why the plants and animal species of the islands are closely related to species of the nearest mainland or neighboring island? Why the islands contain more different species of finches than the entire South American continent? Darwin realized that such questions could be explained on the ground that from ancestral group, living in a particular geographical area, descendant populations could radiate into other areas, where the new environmental conditions brought about the suitable adaptation by evolution. He reasoned that after originating from a common ancestral seed-eating stock the finches radiated to different geographical areas and underwent profound adaptive changes, especially in the patterns of beak. Living in isolation for long period of time new kinds of finches emerged that could function and survive in the new habitats. Such an evolutionary process, giving rise to new species adapted to new habitats and ways of life, is called adaptive radiation.
Furthermore, Australia is the home to the great diversity of pouched mammals but relatively few placental mammals. Darwin explained that adaptive radiation gave rise to a variety of marsupials in Australia in the same process of adaptive radiation as found in the finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Natural selection can lead to similar adaptation for survival in the similar habitats. This form of evolutionary changes is called convergent or parallel evolution. For example, some of the marsupials of Australia resemble equivalent placental mammals that live in similar habitats of other continents. Australia separated from other continents more than 50 million years ago. Most likely, marsupials arrived in Australia before its separation from Antarctica and evolved in isolation earlier than placental mammals. Natural selection has favored changes that made the two groups more alike. In other words, their phenotypes have converged.
Furthermore, Australia is the home to the great diversity of pouched mammals but relatively few placental mammals. Darwin explained that adaptive radiation gave rise to a variety of marsupials in Australia in the same process of adaptive radiation as found in the finches in the Galapagos islands.
Natural selection can lead to similar adaptation for survival in the similar habitats. This form of evolutionary changes is called convergent or parallel evolution. For example, some of the marsupials of Australia resemble equivalent placental mammals that live in similar habitats of other continents. Australia separated from other continents more than 50 million years ago. Most likely, marsupials arrived in Australia before its separation from Antarctica and evolved in isolation earlier than placental mammals. Natural selection has favored changes that made the two groups more alike. In other words, their phenotypes have converged.

Harold C. lirey (1893•1981), an Astronomer, accorded the first adequate recognition of Opartn-Haldane’s view on the origin of life In 1952. Urey asked his student Stanely L. Miller, a biochemist, to replicate the primordial atmosphere as propounded by Opartn and Haldane. Miller (1953) made the first successful simulation experiment to assess the validity of the claim for origin of organic molecules in the primeval Earth condition. Miller sealed in a spark chamber a mixture of water H20, methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen gas (h2). He made arrangement for insertion of two electrodes to provide electrical energy (Simulation of lightening) to the spark chamber. The spark chamber was connected to another flask with arrangement for boiling water (provision for evaporation). The other end of the spark chamber was connected to a trap by a tube that passed through a condenser (an arrangement for condensation and collection of aqueous solution, equivalent to rain and Haldane’s soup). The trap, in turn, was connected with the flask for boiling water (arrangement for circulation). The control apparatus contained every arrangement except that It was devoid of energy source.

Observation unveils that the diverse types of animals bear some common characters. For example, amphibians, reptiles and mammals have limbs for locomotion on land, fishes have fins for swimming in water, birds have wings for flying. A close scrutiny reveals that the limbs, fins and wings are fonned on the same basic structural plan. All such examples can be explained if we consider that the diverse groups of organisms share a common ancestor from whom they have diverged and fonned two different species. With the passage of time a single ancestral lineage (an evolutionary sequence. arranged in linear order from an ancestral group to a descendant group) has produced two or more lineage that diverged over time. Such process of change in biological system is called evolution. The world evolution means to unfold or unroll or to reveal hidden potentialities. In its broadest sense, evolution simply means an orderly ‘change’ from one condition to another. For Instance, the planets and stars change in between their birth and death. This is stellar evolution. The matters elements -change in time. This is Inorganic evolution. The changes in the properties of population of organisms or groups of such populations over the course of generations are considered as biological or organic evolution. It is a process of cumulative change of living populations and in the descendant populations of organisms. In other words, it is descent with modifications. In general, the diversities of life, including both the differences and similarities, and the characteristics of organisms, both adaptive and non-adaptive. These are the great themes of evolutionary biology. According to Theodosius Dobzhansky (I973), nothing in biology makes sense except in the light evolution.

Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cell located in the Islets of Langerhan’s present at the tail region of pancreas. The three cells present in pancreas are viz.

1. Alfa cell: it secretes hormone Glucagon

2. Beta cell: it secretes hormone insulin

3. Delta cell: it secretes somatostatin hormone.

To control sugar level in diabetic patient is very much crucial for them. Some of them may control by diet change or by daily exercise. While some of them have to depend on the medication and insulin.
First Step:For the treatment of diabetic patient, once the diabetes is diagnosed the first step is to change their lifestyle.
• Change in diet: A healthy diet helps in monitoring, controlling and preventing diabetes complication. For diabetic patient it is good to eat more fruit, vegetables, whole grains and the food which contains low amount of fats and calories. Eat in proportion, reliable diet that is rich in fiber, low in saturated fat and concentrated sweets.
• Daily exercise: Physical activities like jogging, brisk walking, gardening, swimming etc aids in controlling the blood glucose level. These activities help in transporting the glucose to the cells and hence take care of glucose level of the body.

The diabetic patients suffer from many complications and which are very dangerous. The complications are associated with the vital organ of our body like kidney, eyes, heart, neurons etc.

There are two types of complications

1. Acute complication: